Designing and fabricating a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) involves several key steps, from initial concept to the final physical board. Here’s a breakdown: ✅ 1. Schematic Design Create an electrical schematic diagram using EDA tools (e.g., KiCad, Eagle, Altium Designer). Define all components, pins, and connections (nets). ✅ 2. Component Selection & Footprint Assignment Assign a physical footprint (package outline) to each component. Ensure correct dimensions, pad sizes, and pin mapping. ✅ 3. PCB Layout Design Convert the schematic to PCB layout. Place components on the board considering size, signal integrity, and thermal requirements. Route traces to connect the components according to the schematic. Add vias, ground planes, and power planes as needed. ✅ 4. Design Rule Check (DRC) & Electrical Rule Check (ERC) Run DRC and ERC to detect spacing violations, unconnected pins, or signal errors. Correct any flagged issues. ✅ 5. Gerber File Generation Export Gerber files, which are the industry-standard file set used by PCB manufacturers. Also generate the drill file (Excellon) for holes/vias. ✅ 6. PCB Fabrication Send Gerber files to a PCB fabrication house. The manufacturer fabricates the board using processes like copper etching, drilling, solder masking, and silkscreen printing. ✅ 7. PCB Assembly (Optional) Components are soldered onto the board, either manually or using automated Pick-and-Place machines and reflow ovens.